Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Basin Essay Example

Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Basin Essay Example Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Basin Paper Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Basin Paper 2010). In addition, acid rain will accelerate the decay of building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of LASS cultural heritage. On a larger scale, changes in atmosphere composition are contributing to ozone depletion and global climate change. Ozone in the stratosphere protects us from dangerous LIVE radiation, but ozone close to the Earth is toxic to both animals and plants (Apollonian, Hugh, Chorea, camp; Seek-Woo, 201 1). People exposed to ozone develop respiratory symptoms resulting in lose of some lung function. As air levels worsen, ozone will become more abundant in the air we breathe. It is shown that areas of ozone depletion are now roughly two to three times larger than past measurements (Apollonian et al. , 201 1). Holes in the ozone layer will continue to expand with the buildup of air pollutants and will ultimately trigger an increase in global climate change. Los Angles has one of the worst reputations for air pollution, but how does it compare to other cities in the Unites States? There is a prominent correlation between highly populated areas and high air pollution levels. During the late sasss and early 1 asss, immigration in America was extremely high. Immigrants came looking for cheap housing and a job. Most found work in highly industrious areas like New York City, Chicago, and Los Angles. With an abundance Of cheap labor, industries grew and multiplied populating the cities where they were located. Today, unsurprisingly, the cities with the highest populations have the most concerning problems of air pollution. The most populated cities, in ascending order, are New York City, Los Angles, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, and Philadelphia (Most Populated Cities in US, 2011). However, LA has the most serious ozone problem in the united States (Los Angles; Traffic and Smog, 1994). Many would assume New York City to have the worst air pollution levels, but the colder climate and northern geographic location help to clear out smog and rid the area of lingering pollutants. Although cities like Chicago and Houston have a higher level of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, researchers conclude the high level of ozone makes LA the city with the worst overall air pollution report in the USA (Quo-Jean teal. , 2010). If LA has the worst air pollution in the USA, how does it compare to other cities around the world? Same as in the US, cities with the highest populations tend to have Geiger levels of chemicals and greenhouse gases in the air. Chow (2004) uses the term megabits as a classification for cities with extremely large populations and correspondingly high pollution levels. LA is classified as a megabits but is ranked twelfth after cities like Tokyo, Mexico City, Iambi, and Shanghai. The article Los Angles; Traffic and Smog (1994) declares Mexico City to be the only city with higher ozone levels than LA. Also, urban European cities experience a greater number of problems with nitrogen oxide, which intensify as you move south. Athens is a main concern in this area (Pearson, 2001). After completion of full air pollution reports, LAs air composition is better than that of eight other megabits. Delhi, India comes in first followed by Kola, India and Jakarta, Indonesia (Chow, 2004). Although many interest groups and people are concerned with the air pollution in LA, the plethora of challenges for improving air quality makes it difficult to take effective action. As made evident in cities around the world, the common factor for places with high pollution is high population. This cites a major challenge for reducing air pollution since LAs population continues to expand. LA has experienced an eleven percent increase in population since 1990 and a five percent increase since 2000 (Los Angles Population Growth Statistics, 2012). If this pattern persists, decreasing the population in LA will not be an adequate solution to fix air quality. Another challenge for reducing air pollution in LA is the lack of public transportation made available to citizens. Los Angles developed with almost no public transportation network. Consequently, the residents must rely on personal motor vehicles for almost all transportation (Los Angles; Traffic and Smog, 1994). The unman to vehicle ratio is over one to one, which is extremely high compared to other places. A majority of chemicals in the LA air are released from motor vehicles as a result. Little usage of public transportation is a key reason why LAs air pollution is worse than other cities with a similar population. The creation Of a new, efficient public transportation network would reduce the need for personal motor vehicles and therefore decrease air pollution. In order to effectively improve air quality, government action would be needed. There have been past attempts to by both national and local governments to jugulate this crisis. The formation of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAMMED) in the early sasss sought to create air pollution controls. After developing a consistent set of regulations for the four-county area, SCAMMED adopted several significant emission-reductions measures, including rules to control man-made dust and reduce nitrogen oxides from power plants by 90% (Fiftieth Anniversary of Smog War, 1997). SCAMMED now monitors air quality at thirty-seven stations distributed throughout the basin (Chow, 2004). The Clean Air Act of 1990 is another government attempt to reduce air elution. The emission controls of the three-tier plan represent the most severe air quality management requirements ever proposed for any city (Los Angles; Traffic and Smog, 1994). The law encourages the use of market- based principles and other innovative approaches, and provides a framework from which alternative clean fuels will be used. The law promotes the use of clean low sulfur coal and natural gas. In addition, an acid rain program that gives utilities flexibility to obtain needed emission reductions Was created to encourage customers to conserve energy (Clean Air Act Amendment, 1990). Overall, the law has caused a decline in ambient concentrations of particulate matter. However, many question its effectiveness since there have been only minimal changes in LAs air composition after twenty years of its implementation. With stronger enforcement of The Clean Air Act of 1 990 and efforts by the SCAMMED, the LA Basin will have a cleaner and clearer future. Development of renewable energy sources and cleaner technology will also contribute to a promising future for LA air quality. Over the past decade or so, tech oenology for the utilization of renewable resources has been materialized and put to use around the world. Southern California alone has dozens of projects in production (Renewable Energy, 2009). The landscape and location of Southern California create an ideal environment for solar and wind farms. Nearby deserts provide flat land and high-intensity sunrays perfect for solar panel technology, while coastal winds can be captured and converted to energy by wind turbines. The growing popularity of hybrid and low-emission vehicles will also help to reduce chemicals in the atmosphere. Recent productions of different hybrid and low-emission vehicle models, like the Ionians Leaf or Chevy Volt, are making these types of vehicles more angle and appealing to the public. Also, the SCAMMED is co-sharing the project cost with a number of industries to develop a way to use H2O instead of gasoline, as well as compare different fueling strategies and H2O production methods (Chow, 2004). With the use of renewable the SCAMMED intends to advance the technology, improve competition, gain experience, and, therefore, reduce the costs to accelerate centralization (Chow, 2004). These exciting advancements in the technology and use of renewable resources provide an approach to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and lessen the amount of greenhouse gases being released into the air. Along with the use of modern technologies, passage of stricter legislation concerning emissions into the environment will help boost the air quality in LA. Economic instruments such as emission taxes and emission trading Will utilize the power of the market to encourage use of cleaner technology and fuels (Quo-Jean et al. , 2010). A market-based system will produce methods to reduce greenhouse emissions through use of the polluter pays concept (Chow, 2004). Constructing legislation of this kind will force citizens and corporations to cooperate and contribute in the effort to revivalist the atmosphere of the LA Basin. Los Angles plays host to millions of tourist year round coming to visit famous LA attractions, get a taste of Hollywood glamour, or to see the beauty of California. Travelers can find these experiences, however, few anticipate the reality of extremely poor air quality conditions. When in fact, LA has the worst air pollution reports of any city in the country. If citizens cooperate with government policies and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, levels of greenhouse gas emissions in the Los Angles Basin will diminish overtime.

Descriptive Writing Definition and Examples

Descriptive Writing Definition and Examples In composition, description is a  rhetorical strategy using sensory details to portray a person, place, or thing. Description is used in many different types of nonfiction, including essays,  biographies, memoirs, nature writing, profiles, sports writing, and travel writing. Description  is one of the  progymnasmata  (a sequence of classical rhetorical exercises) and one of the traditional  modes of discourse.   Examples and Observations A description is an arrangement of properties, qualities, and features that the author must pick (choose, select), but the art lies in the order of their release- visually, audibly, conceptually- and consequently in the order of their interaction, including the social standing of every word.(William H. Gass, The Sentence Seeks Its Form. A Temple of Texts. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006) Show; Dont Tell This is the oldest  clichà © of the writing profession, and I wish I didnt have to repeat it. Do not tell me that the Thanksgiving dinner was cold. Show me the grease turning white as it congeals around the peas on your plate. . . . Think of yourself as a movie director. You have to create the scene that the viewer will relate to physically and emotionally. (David R. Williams, Sin Boldly!: Dr. Daves Guide To Writing The College Paper. Basic Books, 2009) Selecting Details The descriptive writers main task is the selection and verbal representation of information. You must choose the details that matter- that are important to the purposes you share with your readers- as well as a pattern of arrangement relevant to those mutual purposes. . . .Description can be an engineer describing the terrain where an embankment must be built, a novelist describing a farm where the novel will take place, a realtor describing a house and land for sale, a journalist describing a celebritys birthplace, or a tourist describing a rural scene to friends back home. That engineer, novelist, realtor, journalist, and tourist may all be describing the very same place. If each is truthful, their descriptions will not contradict each other. But they will certainly include and emphasize different aspects.(Richard M. Coe, Form and Substance. Wiley, 1981) Chekhovs Advice to a Young Writer In my opinion, descriptions of nature should be extremely brief and offered by the way, as it were. Give up commonplaces, such as: the setting sun, bathing in the waves of the darkening sea, flooded with purple gold, and so on. Or swallows flying over the surface of the water chirped gaily. In descriptions of nature one should seize upon minutiae, grouping them so that when, having read the passage, you close your eyes, a picture is formed. For example, you will evoke a moonlit night by writing that on the mill dam the glass fragments of a broken bottle flashed like a bright little star and that the black shadow of a dog or wolf rolled along like a ball.(Anton Chekhov, quoted by Raymond Obstfeld in Novelists Essential Guide to Crafting Scenes. Writers Digest Books, 2000) Two Types of Description: Objective and Impressionistic Objective description attempts to report accurately the appearance of the object as a thing in itself, independent of the observers perception of it or feelings about it. It is a factual account, the purpose of which is to inform a reader who has not been able to see with his own eyes. The writer regards himself as a kind of camera, recording and reproducing, though in words, a true picture. . . .Impressionistic description is very different. Focusing upon the mood or feeling the object evokes in the observer rather than upon the object as it exists in itself, impressionism does not seek to inform but to arouse emotion. It attempts to make us feel more than to make us see. . . . [T]he writer may blur or intensify the details he selects, and, by the clever use of figures of speech, he may compare them to things calculated to evoke the appropriate emotion. To impress us with the dreary ugliness of a house, he may exaggerate the drabness of its paint or metaphorically describe the flaki ng as leprous.(Thomas S. Kane and Leonard J. Peters, Writing Prose: Techniques and Purposes, 6th ed. Oxford University Press, 1986) Lincolns Objective Self-Description If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be said, I am, in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyesno other marks or brands recollected.(Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Jesse W. Fell, 1859) Rebecca Harding Daviss Impressionistic Description of a Smoky Town The idiosyncrasy of this town is smoke. It rolls sullenly in slow folds from the great chimneys of the iron-foundries and settles down in black, slimy pools on the muddy streets. Smoke on the wharves, smoke on the dingy boats, on the yellow river- clinging in a coating of greasy soot to the house-front, the two faded poplars, the faces of the passers-by. The long train of mules, dragging masses of pig-iron through the narrow street, have a foul vapor hanging to their reeking sides. Here, inside, is a little-broken figure of an angel pointing upward from the mantel-shelf; but even its wings are covered with smoke, clotted and black. Smoke everywhere! A dirty canary chirps desolately in a cage beside me. Its dream of green fields and sunshine is a very old dream- almost worn out, I think.(Rebecca Harding Davis, Life in the Iron Mills. The Atlantic Monthly, April 1861) Lillian Rosss Description of Ernest Hemingway ​​Hemingway had on a red plaid wool shirt, a figured wool necktie, a tan wool sweater-vest, a brown tweed jacket tight across the back and with sleeves too short for his arms, gray flannel slacks, Argyle socks, and loafers, and he looked bearish, cordial, and constricted. His hair, which was very long in back, was gray, except at the temples, where it was white; his mustache was white, and he had a ragged half-inch, full white beard. There was a bump about the size of a walnut over his left eye. He had on steel-rimmed spectacles, with a piece of paper under the nose-piece. He was in no hurry to get to Manhattan.(Lillian Ross, How Do You Like It Now, Gentlemen? The New Yorker, May 13, 1950) Description of a Handbag ​Three years ago at a flea market, I bought a small, white-beaded handbag, which I have never since carried in public but which I would never dream of giving away. The purse is small, about the size of a paperback bestseller, and thus it is totally unsuited for lugging around such paraphernalia as a wallet, comb, compact, checkbook, keys, and all the other necessities of modern life. Hundreds of tiny pearl-colored beads dot the outside of the handbag, and on the front, woven into the design, is a starburst pattern formed by larger, flat beads. Creamy white satin lines the inside of the bag and forms a small pocket on one side. Inside the ​pocket someone, perhaps the original owner, has scrawled the initials J.W. in red lipstick. At the bottom of the purse is a silver coin, which reminds me of my teenage years when my mother warned me never to go out on a date without a dime in case I had to telephone home for help. In fact, I think thats why I like my white beaded handb ag: it reminds me of the good old days when men were men and ladies were ladies.(Lorie Roth, My Handbag) Bill Brysons Description of the Residents Lounge in the Old England Hotel The room was casually strewn with aging colonels and their wives, sitting amid carelessly folded Daily Telegraphs. The colonels were all shortish, round men with tweedy jackets, well-slicked silvery hair, an outwardly gruff manner that concealed within a heart of flint, and, when they walked, a rakish limp. Their wives, lavishly rouged and powdered, looked as if they had just come from a coffin fitting.(Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. William Morrow, 1995) Stronger Than Death Great description shakes us. It fills our lungs with the life of its author. Suddenly he sings within us. Someone else has seen life as we see it! And the voice that fills us, should the writer be dead, bridges the gulf between life and death. Great description is stronger than death.(Donald Newlove, Painted Paragraphs. Henry Holt, 1993)

Arbitration Case-Decision and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arbitration Case-Decision and Analysis - Essay Example The company contended that Rose Ross failure to wear one of her steel gloves while continuing to operate the saw constituted gross safety violation punishable by discharge. According to Article 1 – Management Rights of the Contract Provisions, management has the right to discharge for just cause. The Company also has the right to determine work processes and procedures and enact plant rules and regulations which are not in conflict with the legal rights of its employees. The arbitrator therefore accepts the company’s position that Ross committed a gross safety violation punishable by discharge as this has been communicated to employees under Work Rules, wherein disregard of safety rules that endanger the safety of the employee or other employees is considered serious enough to warrant major disciplinary action, including discharge. Ross’ admission that she was not wearing the left-hand glove while operating the saw, as well as her admission that she was aware of the requirement, since she had already been previously warned about it on two previous occasions, support the company’s position. The Company also contended that its decision to terminate Ross was supported by prior arbitral decision. It has also cited the arbitral opinion of Arbitrator Porter in Bethlehem Steel Co., who reasoned that employees may not exercise individual discretion regarding the need to comply with safety rules. The prior decision does set a precedent for Ross’ case, although Arbitrator Porter’s opinion does not have any bearing on it. The prior case also involved saw operation and consists of the same type of violation. Employees should be able to realize the importance of the Work Rules, especially for their own benefit. Although the prior decision sets a precedent for Ross’ case, and supports the Company’s position, not much weight is put into it per se. What matters more is

Pedagogy and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pedagogy and Practice - Essay Example nt paramount views of a community, in that case it can be useful to have such standards to study the assumptions, ethics, and attitude of teaching, learning, and teacher education. The National Science Teachers Association Standards writers describe a model of pedagogy known to teachers and teacher educators. This model consists of: actions and plans of teaching, organization of classroom practices, providing for varied student requirements, appraisal and completion of learners past ideas, and conversion of thoughts into realistic bits. (National Science Teachers Association, 1998) These well-known concepts were evidently explained in Borko and Putnams (1996) review of literature on learning to teach (Watson, & Konicek, 1990). Shulman (1986) came up with a new agenda for teacher education by launching the notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Instead of viewing teacher education from the perspective of content or pedagogy, Shulman said that teacher education programs should merge these two knowledge bases to more efficiently organize teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge project researched how a beginner in teaching obtained new understandings of their content, and how these new understandings influenced their teaching. These scholars explained pedagogical content knowledge as the knowledge formed by the blend of subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of background. Teachers differ from biologists, historians, writers, or educational researchers, not by their subject matter knowledge, but in how that information is planned and used. For instance, skilled science teachers’ knowledge of science is prepared from a teaching outlook and is used as a basis for helping s tudents whereas; scientist’s knowledge is structured from a research perspective. The use of PCK as an issue for research and debate about the nature of a proper knowledge base for developing future science teachers has progressively improved as its inception. (NRC,

Ethics and Legal Professionals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics and Legal Professionals - Research Paper Example The second scenario is the fact that the prosecutor could be giving the jury misleading information so that the jury becomes convinced that the suspect is actually liable for the crimes that he is accused of having committed, and thus influence the jury to believe in the guilt of the suspect, which will in turn favor the prosecutor by enabling the jury to favor the conviction and charging of the suspect as guilty. Therefore, the jury is faced with the dilemma of choosing who to believe between the prosecutor and the judge and thus is torn between following the judge’s direction and following the information given by the prosecutor. The choice of whether to believe the prosecutor or to stick to the judge’s direction forms the ethical dilemma. The resolution of this ethical dilemma is complex since it entails the application of the relevant laws, which guide the conduct of professionals in the judicial system (Pollock, 2012). Legal professionals are required by the laws t o conduct their activities regarding the cases before a court of law in accordance with the guidance of the code of conduct of the legal professionals. According to the provisions of the code of conduct for legal professional, any legal professional handling a case before a court of law is prohibited from engaging in any form of discussion regarding the case with any side of the case, outside the courtroom (Beauchamp, Arnold & Bowie, 2009). Therefore, any discussion undertaken outside the courtroom with either the prosecution or the defense side is against the conduct of the legal professionals. Therefore, while the information provided by the prosecutor to the jury could be true and thus helpful to the determination of the case at hand, the manner in which it is obtained is against the provisions of the code of conduct of the professionals (Siegel & Worrall, 2013). Therefore, resolving this ethical dilemma requires the jury to adhere to the necessary code of conduct and ignore all the information that is obtained from one-sided party to the case outside the courtroom since the individual may be interested in misleading the jury and thus have his stance favored. Therefore, the ethical dilemma can be resolved through adhering to the guidelines offered by the judge and ignoring all the information obtained outside the courtroom. The system of ethics that I would most likely employ is the law enforcement code of ethics. This system of ethics provides that the fundamental function of a law enforcement officer, including the police, the prosecutor, the judge and the jury, is to serve mankind while at the same time protecting the innocent against deception and the weak against oppression (Siegel, 2010). This system of ethics requires the legal professionals to conduct themselves in a manner that respects the constitutional rights of all individuals to liberty and justice. The legal professionals are also required to observe honesty and be mindful of the welfare of t he others, including that of the suspects, under the law enforcement code of ethics (Pollock, 2012). The legal professionals are also required to obey the laws of the land and ensure that they adhere to

General Characteristics Of Construction Project Manager Construction Essay

General Characteristics Of Construction Project Manager Construction Essay This report comprehensively discusses about involvement of a Construction Project Manager; describing how to manage a proposed housing Development Complex project through proper construction management techniques. This proposed high rise building complex comprised with twenty storied; luxury housing apartments and six basements to accommodate as car parking area, Multipurpose room, Swimming Pool, Supermarket and required utility services such as storage water tank from main supply, water distribution system and Sewerage System. This Housing Development project will be constructed at Colombo-07 adjoining Park Road. Project investor is a wealthy Sri-Lankan Businessman. Presently, I am appointed in this project as a Construction Project Manger. Clients has emphasized me his objectives, to obtain a maximum turnover of the project, implementing Proper Construction Management System. My responsibility is doing so; to archive the project goals in terms of time, Quality, Cost, Safety and Environmental Sustainability as I have conveyed all the way through this report. I have identified significant project management key measures, to use through overall project, such as construction planning and choice of construction technology and Construction methods influence the selected planning, as well as programming and control methods, schedules and progress control using relative software packages available, and also identified key risk elements in this construction project. MAIN BODY Definition about construction project manager The construction project manager is a responsible person to handle overall construction of projects from start to finish. And his duty will be act as the representative of the employer as well as additional consultation to the overall project for the successful initiation, planning, execution and closure of a project. General characteristics of Construction Project Manager Construction project managers engage with particular management activities for mange construction projects in proper way, hence they have the specialize knowledge for project planning, directing, coordinating and budgeting process. As examples for construction project; Commercial building, Industrial building, Roads bridges, Water treatment plants, Schools hospitals, also particular civil engineering works etc. Further common features can be described as; Supervise and coordinate entire project activities or some part of the project until end of the project. Programming; Scheduling and coordinate all design and construction process. When required specialize trade contractors, select and hire them according to the requirements of the project. Project designs, specifications, contact documents and agreement, Construction Project Manger should supervise them very clearly. Always keep well coordination with project owner, architect, engineers, and with other stakeholders directly who are involved in project. Educational Background Generally they are degree holders or relevant reputed qualifications in field of civil engineering, construction management or construction science, also with adequate experience, some of them are appointed obtaining from supervisor level with particular experiences and they have improved their knowledge studying some specific associates degree program such as, project control and development, site planning, design, construction methods/ construction materials, value analysis etc. Most of universities offer master degree programs for upgrade their knowledge as well. As other qualifications, ability of flexible and clear decision for mange and resolve problems, also good understand about engineering drawings and very familiar to operate computer softwares, as well as talent, good communication skill, leadership skill, good relationship with relevant parties, Construction Project Manager Responsibilities: Significant responsibilities and duties are; Observe construction land and study feasibility studies to get understand what type of land required for the project. Prepare master program to the overall project and agree with the employer. Execute a key role in project planning, budgeting, and identification of resources required. Form the teams, developing the objectives, goals of each and allocate individual responsibilities. Managing budget, team expenses and minimizing exposure and risk in the project Manage/ monitor the construction activities progress according to schedule. Keep well communicate with the contractors and Co-ordinate with all parties which involved in the project Financial advice to the employer and cost control. Monitor strictly budgetary guidelines, quality and safety standards. Periodic inspection of construction sites. Manage the progress meeting and kick off meeting as required Obtaining all necessary permits and licenses Preparations for handover process in respect of agreed master program. There are some specific qualitative attributes in project management roles such as capability to plan and organize a team effort, well client management and kindness building ability, ability to motivate, guide and increase morale of the teams, successful time management and logical decision-making skill, ability to handle work force, physical and mental fitness, physically powerful focus on quality. Specific Duties of a Construction Manager As specific duties, CPMs handle multitude tasks, determining and review that what are the necessary to give prior for finish at the beginning. In a large scale project, generally divide several activities segments such as site preparation, including clearing and excavation of the land, installing sewage systems, and landscaping and road construction; building construction, including laying foundations and erecting the structural framework, floors, walls, and roofs; and building systems, including protecting against fire and installing electrical, plumbing, air-conditioning, and heating systems. Construction managers may be in charge of one or several of these activities. Construction managers must also inspect and review the construction project on a periodic basis to ensure compliance with safety code and building code regulations. What is a Construction Project? A Construction project is a temporary endeavor to create an inimitable product or service. Construction Projects generally include constraints and risks concerning cost, schedule or performance outcome. Every project has a start and an end. The end of a project is defined by the successful complete of the product or service. There are specific traits that all projects have in common. The most distinguishing feature is a specific time frame. Projects must have a clear, definitive objective and activities tasks. Those are planning, organizing, Control and closure tasks and the resources and execution that is the focus of project management. Key Characteristics of Projects: Unique solution. Project boundaries. One-time effort, usually requiring specified resources. Specified start and end dates. Understand of reached the end of the project. What is the Construction Project Management Process? According to the PM4DEV Project Management for Development Organizations, noted in it, Project management is a process of leading a team of capable people in planning and implementing a series of related activities that need to be accomplished on a specific date with a limited budget. Because of its nature, coordinating all these activities requires a process approach. This management process specially consists of some specific functions such as, Project initiation, Planning, organizing, controlling and managing resources to complete a construction project successfully within on time, cost and quality. The construction project management process need the direct individual, the project manager, to oversee the construction schedule, the allocation of personnel and equipment and the projects budget. General functions of construction project management usually include the following Project objectives and plans; (including definition of scope, scheduling, budgeting, setting performance requirements) Maximizing resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment. Implementing various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process. Developing effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts The Project manger is the overall responsible person to direct the construction project management process. Also Project manager is the specific professional in the field of project management. Hence project manager has the ultimate responsibility such as, planning, execution and successful completion of the project. A significant component of the construction project management process is maintenance the project on schedule and within the estimated budget as well, to achieve these goals, Further concerning Project management process can be described as follows; Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, and quality and participation satisfaction. (Refer to Figure 2-1) Figure 2-1:Â   Basic Ingredients in Project Management Specific Benefits of Construction Project Management Process There are few specific benefits of Construction Project Management process, these benefits are very essential for the project success. Preferable efficiency in delivering services Improved/increased/enhanced customer satisfaction Enhanced effectiveness in delivering services Improved growth and development within your team Greater standing and competitive edge Opportunities to expand your services Better Flexibility Increased risk assessment Increase in Quality Increase in Quantity When execute the essential project management strategies, Construction Project Manager Intention will focus to reach the desired goals within specific time and cost, Quality. The Top 10 Benefits of Project Management Essential Factors of Project Management Process Generally Construction projects have specific factors for contribute of project success or project fail. Each factors directly effect with other factors in order for a project to be successful. Those are as follows; Project Team and Team Motivation Project Manager Project Planning Avoiding Scope Creep: Risk Management: Project Closure: Read more: Factors for Project Success | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_7495173_factors-project-success.html#ixzz26WXLGm8N Eight Key Factors to Ensuring Project Success Author: Duncan Haughey, Version 1.0, project smart.com .UK http://www.pmhut.com/project-management-role-and-responsibilities Project Management Roles and Responsibilities Particularly strong project management skills are very essential to deliver the project successful of project goal. Hence project management process has combined a set of skills and techniques committed under following tasks. Integrate planning and conduct modify control Define and manage the scope of the project Prepare a budget and manage costs Prepare and track schedules Ensure that the right resources are allocated to the project Manage contracts and vendors and procure project resources Facilitate team and external communications Facilitate the risk management process Also document and monitor the teams quality management process makes the final decision on the issue by transitioning into the role of decision leader to enable the project to continue. Hence above roles and responsibilities should be covered within the project management process as well. Project Management Process According to the PM4DEV, Project Management for Development Organizations, as noted in it, There are nine significant management processes under Construction Project Management to be implemented within role of the project manager. The nine project management processes are: Scope Management Schedule Management Budget Management Quality Management Team Management Stakeholder Management Information Management Risk management Contract Management Above management process have divided into two groups: Enabling processes Facilitating processes This management process phases are interrelated with entire project life cycle. Below given graphic chat will shows management process interrelationship with project lifecycle. Enabling Process Project Life Cycle Facilitating processes Figure 4.1 Project Management Processes and Phases Enabling Processes In the construction management process enabling process include with project scope, schedule, budget and quality. Hence these are should enable to direct some specific objectives of the project and for project success within on time, cost, quality. Scope Management In Construction project management process; Scope management is very critical for project success. Also project scope is the way to illustrate the boundaries of the project. Hence project manager should awareness concerning the scope of the project. Therefore project manager be able to co-ordinate with designers to get update and control the project scope and also acknowledge of project team, as well as the contractors about scope of the work accordingly and should monitor and control work executions too. Further about scope management by below given graphic chart will explain briefly; Schedule Management Schedule management is the development of a project schedule that includes all project activities, hence project manager has to stick on starting and completion dates of each trade packages as programmed, and management team also has to monitor progress of construction and forecast the completion date accordingly. If completion date is not matching the master program, control process is required. As example; assumed some work element unable to complete as programmed due to less progressing or late in starting. If so, it will affect to other work sections too and will delay accordingly. Therefore project manager should advice to allocate additional resources to accelerate the delayed work section to complete it as pre programmed. Budget Management Budget management process is required to ensure the project is completed within the estimated budget. Hence this is the vital responsibility of the Construction Project Manager to handle and complete the project within allocated budget of the project. As well as monitor and control the cost of project at both pre post contract stages are also important part of this management process. Cost Controlling Cost controlling system is critical process of the cost management process, to run the project without commercial backlog. (Refer to Chat 1.02) Chart 1.02 Cost controlling and cost management system Pre contract cost management Generally preliminary budget estimate is prepared based on the clients intended budget and also concerning separate trade packages. As well as Cost plan (elemental analysis), Cost check, Tender reconciliation process also important activities for the cost controlling under pre contract stage. Post contract cost management BCIS slandered form is followed (Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions 4th Edition) to prepare elementary cost analysis method and gaudiness. Further detail herein for cost control, using S- curve methods; (Refer to Chart 1.03) Chart 1.03 Cost control S-Curve (Programmed) Referring to the above diagram; it shows expenditure and income occurred. This is being monitored regularly, to avoid the cost overrun. . Quality Management Quality management is the process to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs of the beneficiaries. Hence project manager has to monitor and control the quality of work and devlpolp the quality paln. also he has to allocate experienced project coordinator to advice force the contractor to maintain the quality of work. Each work element should be approved by a qualified quality controller or an Engineer prior to handover. Also he has to check the quality of materials and should be strict to the contractor to use standard materials for construction as specified in drawings and specification to maintain the quality of work. Hence all materials should be approved by a quality controlling team prior to use for construction. Some of the most important quality tools are; Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle, Fishbone Diagram, Pareto Chart, Scatter Diagram, Decision Matrix, Flowchart, Stratification, Control Chart, Histogram, Brainstorming, Tree Diagram etc. http://theconstructor.org/constrution/project-quality-management-in-construction/292/ Facilitating processes This process includes with some specific function such as, Team, stakeholder, information, risk, and contract management, these are facilitating for assist and make possible for the project to achieve its objectives. Team Management Team management is a techniques, processes and tools for organizing and coordinating a group of individuals working towards a common goal, there are few critical factors for success of the team management process, identify the roles responsibilities, reporting relationships and getting the people that will be allocate to the project, develop the team. As well as team evaluation is very important part to identify the staff performance and their skill level and required improvement. Stakeholder Management Stakeholder management include stakeholder identify, analysis, planning and communication. Project stakeholders are very important people for the project success, hence project manager has to mange them in proper way, because of all of them interest to the project success. As example donors, beneficiaries, local government organizations, partners or organizations are the stakeholders of construction project. As well as managing them keeping good relationship between stakeholders and project. Information Management Risk Management Identification of possible risks in advance is important and major responsibility of the Construction manager. The project management team will be able to take necessary actions to avoid or minimize the risks by identifying them early. Safety of work, Economic matters, Weather conditions, political matters etc also includes in risk management. Hence it is important to take insurances for the construction, material on site, employees; third party etc. Contract Management Safety of Work Safety of work is very important at the site to avoid delays in construction. Hence all employees should educate about safety matters and should provide safety equipments, safety wears etc to employees. Required safety instructions should be display on public notice boards. Fire fighting equipments such as fire extinguishers, water, sand, hose real etc should install at site and well trained fire preventing team also should be there. First AID boxes, clinics, Ambulance etc also should available at the site. Problem Solving Identify problems arise from trade contractors is essential to take necessary actions as required to avoid unnecessary delays. As example; Suspended ceiling contractor has to coordinate with MEP contractors to identify his requirements such as voids at ceiling to fix diffusers at the ceiling. Also design problems, practical problems should solve immediately as soon as those arise by using communicating, coordinating and negotiating techniques with related parties Closing and Handover the Project Final inspection should carry out by the Construction Project Manager after completion of constructions of the project. He must re-check all approval for quality of work, testing and commissioning reports, scope verification etc. Then the project is ready to hand over to the client. All related claims, cost proposals and Final payment application etc should be finalized on time.

My First Dance Performance :: essays research papers

Dancing has been a passion with me for a long time. My mother tells me how any melody had me dancing when I was a toddler. On growing up I tried learning some serious dancing and after trying both Bharat Natyam and Kathak, I decided to pursue Kathak seriously. So, I have been learning Kathak for more than a year now. My Guruji teaches me twice a week about the steps, taals and abhinaya of Kathak. My passion for Kathak has grown since I started learning it. After my sessions I spend time rehearsing the steps and mudras and also love to watch performances on stage ant TV. I have been longing for an opportunity to perform onstage before a live audience. I did not have to wait long for an opportunity to dance on stage because the teachers decided to put up a Kathak group dance for the Class Five’s form evening. Preparing for the final evening was as much fun as the event itself. We were a group of eighteen girls. Some, like I, had some background in Kathak while others were dancing in this style for the first time. The teachers worked hard with us over a period of twenty days. They encouraged the team and were patient with us as we fumbled with the steps. It was hard work as the steps of the dance were changed few times till we got the steps all the eighteen girls were comfortable with. We did not grudge the effort and looked forward to performing before the parents. While the steps of dancers and the co-ordination amongst the team was being repeatedly rehearsed, the teachers decided upon the dresses, jewellery and makeup of the dancers. I thoroughly enjoyed every moment of the preparation to the big event. Finally, the day of the form evening arrived. The parents in the audience were in for an impressive display. Ours was the third item. The girls trooped in eager to give their best and to make the class look good. We all danced to the music, perfect and well co-ordinated in our steps. I was right in the centre and was one of the two dancers in the front.

Suicide and the Harm Principle

The Right to Suicide and Harm Suicide under circumstances of extreme suffering is the morally right action as opposed to the alternative, living in pain. J. S. Mill’s Utilitarian ideals provide strong reasoning to support suicide in instances of severe pain, while Kant’s moral theory of the categorical imperative provides reasoning against taking one’s own life. Mill’s principle of utility is the maximization of pleasure and the reduction of pain. Mill regards happiness as the greatest good in life and all actions should be performed as long as they have the tendency to produce pleasure.Mill also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is used to determine whether coercion is justifiable based on the impact of individual actions. Stated, the Harm Principle is â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant† (On Liberty, I, 9). Mill believe that individuals have the right to autonomy in order to produce pleasure for themselves, but the right to autonomy must be controlled to allow equal exercise of this right by all individuals.To understand the application of Mill’s principles, harm must be defined. Harm is damage to another individual against their will. Mill introduces two types of harm: direct and indirect. Direct harm is when an individual performs an action that directly harms another person, such as murder. Indirect harm is when the individual performs an action that causes damage to others through performing an action on one’s self. (On Liberty, I, 11) The distinction between indirect and direct harm determines whether the individual who performed the action resulting in the harm is morally responsible for the harm inflicted.Mill offers little towards the definition of harm and the distinction between direct and indirect h arm. He writes: â€Å"Whenever, in short, there is a definite damage, or a definite risk of damage, either to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the province of liberty, and placed in that of morality or law† (On Liberty, IV, 10) Mill states that when individual actions pose a risk of â€Å"definite† damage, the individual is responsible to society for those actions.Therefore, â€Å"definite† harm is direct harm to others and all other harms are either (1) indirect harm to others or (2) direct harm to oneself and undeserving of legal or moral sanctions. However, the word â€Å"definite† is vague, leaving the definitions of indirect and direct harm unclear. To determine responsibility and appropriate sanctions to punish and deter, Mill employs a central idea of his theory: personal autonomy. Personal autonomy is an individual’s ability to pursue â€Å"their own good in their own way†, one of Mill’s four absolute r ights (On Liberty, I, 14).Each individual has the absolute right to exercise this autonomy, unless their actions impact the autonomy of another person. In cases where autonomous actions result in direct harm to others, either the government is justified in imposing legal sanctions such as jail time, or society is justified in imposing moral sanctions, such as shaming. Therefore, to determine whether direct harm was committed, one looks at whether one individual caused the abridgment of another individual’s absolute rights. Exegesis In this section, a case will be presented to prompt discussion about the morally validity of suicide.Mill’s reasoning will include a utility calculation and an evaluation of direct and indirect harm. Consider the following case. A young woman named Jane, aged 29, finds out she has the Parkinson’s gene. Jane watched her mother die from the disease and does not want to die the way her mother did. When the symptoms begin to set in and wo rsen, she decides to commit suicide. She knows that she can live many more years with the disease but she knows that her quality of life will be reduced. Jane believes that her quality of life will be so diminished that death is the only option. Is it right for Jane commit suicide?Mill would invoke the Harm Principle. The act of committing suicide would be a self-regarding act. As the harm is directly imposed on herself, all other consequences of her action are considered indirect as they occur through Jane’s self-regarding act. Hence, Jane should suffer no moral or legal sanctions for committing suicide. Furthermore, she has evaluated her options and upon deep consideration, decided that the pain of living with her condition outweighs the pleasure of living with her condition. A utility calculation can be formalized to further justify her decision on utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism) For Jane: 1. Tendency to cause pleasure: 100 units 2. Tendency to cause pain: 50 units Fo r the aggregate of the other people affected: 3. Tendency to cause pleasure: 10 units 4. Tendency to cause pain: 20 units Hence: Pleasure: 110 units, Pain: 70 units. Perform the action. For Jane, dying would be the ultimate pleasure as it is the end of her suffering. She views suicide as the mean to her ultimate end: happiness. For Jane, the pain of dying is less than the pain of living. After seeing her mother die from Parkinson’s disease, she makes the valid decision to not die the same way.She recognizes that death is the end of her life and the pain of leaving her family and friends does impact on this decision. Yet, when compared to the suffering she will endure as her Parkinson’s progresses, the pleasure derived from these relationships is not enough to compel her to live. For the aggregate of the community, pleasure derived from Jane performing the action of suicide would be the comfort in knowing that (a) her wishes were respected and (b) her suffering is relie ved. However, the pain of Jane’s suicide outweighs the pleasure as the interests of the aggregate are compromised by her death.Upon her death, they mourn her loss and her loss deprives them of their relationship to her, along with other interests that she contributed to satisfying in living her life. Compared to the value of Jane’s pleasure and pain, the value of the aggregate of all other affected persons is less. Jane is directly impacted by her action, while all the others are indirectly impacted. Mill gives more consideration to direct actions as they are in the sphere of personal responsibility. Harm suffered outside of Jane’s sphere of action, or indirect actions, are of lesser value to Jane as she has no moral responsibility for indirect harm.Furthermore, the indirect harm does not violate anyone’s liberty rights and is therefore of lesser value than the direct harm. Therefore, Jane is justified in placing a lower value on the aggregate pain and pl easure of the community compared to her personal pain and pleasure. Hence, the tendency to cause pleasure outweighs the tendency to cause pain and the action should be performed. When one decides to commit suicide, Mill would argue that the only person directly affected is the individual.However, Mill writes: â€Å"No person is an entirely isolated being†, showing how an individual’s actions are never completely self-regarding (On Liberty). There will always be affected parties by your actions. While the family and friends of the individual will mourn the death, they are mourning the loss of a life. The loss of life affects the family and friends by harming the interests that they had in the success of the individual as a human life. For example, if the Jane was a mother, her family has a strong interest in maintaining their family structure and growing up with a present mother.While the harm is indirect, it is significant and â€Å"definite† as the family will be affected for the rest of their lives. With her death, their interests are compromised. The principal interest of all rational humans is happiness and interests serve the purpose of maximizing pleasure and reducing pain (Utilitarianism, II, 2). Pleasure is derived from living a good life and interests are what the individual desires to attain happiness. The pursuit of happiness is done through satisfying the individual interests of a person, hence to deny an individual of these interests would be to deny them of their happiness.The definitions of direct and indirect harm appear unsatisfactory in determining the morality of an action; however, by evaluating the importance of personal autonomy, a more satisfying conclusion is reached. If interests are the means to the ultimate end of happiness, then the individual who wants to commit suicide is a mean to the ultimate end of her family and friends’ happiness. If the individual satisfies her own happiness by committing suicide, she is performing an action to achieve her ends. Mill writes that the only justification needed for determining the desirability of an action is whether it is desired. Utilitarianism, IV, 3) As the individual desires to die, it is sufficient evidence that the action will provide happiness to the individual. Whether this action affects the interests of others is of minimal concern, as rational beings are not intended to serve as means to another’s happiness. Hence, suicide is justified as long as the individual achieves the ultimate end of happiness despite harming the interests of others. The Objection In this section, an objection from the perspective of Kant will be presented using the four formulations of his categorical imperative.Immanuel Kant would provide a compelling objection to Mill’s justification of suicide. Kant offers four formulations of the categorical imperative, proving suicide as an immoral act by the definition that moral actions meet the formulati ons of the categorical imperative. First, the Formula of Universal Law, states: â€Å" I ought never to conduct myself except so that I could also will that my maxim become a universal law†(Groundwork, Ak4:401) . The maxim that Jane is acting upon is killing one’s self to relieve suffering.To will this to become a universal law would be to will that all human suffering can solved through suicide. However, this is a self-defeating maxim as one can not enjoy relief from suffering if one ceases to exist. Second, the Formula of Nature states: â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature† (Groundwork, Ak4:421). By this formulation of the categorical imperative, the justification for committing suicide would be that she believes that suicide should be a universal law of nature.To say that suicide should be a universal law of nature is again, as mentioned in the above formulation, self-defeating. Also, Jane, as a r ational agent, would not will suicide to be a universal law of nature; hence, Kant would conclude that she is not justified in committing suicide. Third, the Formula of Humanity states: â€Å"†¦ any rational being exists as an end in itself, not merely as a means to the discretionary use of this or that will, but in all its actions, those directed toward itself as well as those directed toward other rational beings, it must at the same time be considered as an end† (Groundwork, Ak:4:428).Simply put, this formulation of the categorical imperative states that all rational beings are considered ends, rather then just means to another’s ends. Each individual is an end within themselves and all rational being must regard other rational beings as ends rather than means. In Jane’s decision to commit suicide, Kant would say that she is treating her own life as mere means to achieve her end. Kant explicitly writes: â€Å"the one who has suicide in mind will ask him self whether his action could subsist together with the idea of humanity as an end in itself† (Groundwork, Ak4:429).Kant believes that all rational humans are not mere means to ends, but ends within themselves. If one commits suicide, one acts in a way that regards their humanity as a mere means to their happiness, as they believe that happiness is achieved following their death. Kant would argue that suicide degrades humanity on the whole, treating life as a means to the ultimate end, rather than an end in itself (Groundwork, Ak4:42964). Fourth, the Formula of Autonomy states: â€Å"Not to choose otherwise than so that the maxims of one’s choice are at the same time comprehended with it in the same volition as universal law† (Groundwork, Ak4:441).This formulation of the categorical imperative says that by free will, rational agents dictate laws and by the same free will, rational agents subject themselves to the laws they dictate. Through this formulation, Kant demonstrates the absolute value of reason in rational beings. Through reason, rational beings create the laws through which they live moral lives. Suicide, even in the case of suffering, would not be a law that a rational agent would universally impose upon society for if it were imposed on society, humanity would be degraded.Kant would also argue that Jane has the perfect duty to preserve her life that this maxim would violate. Her duty relies on the respect for humanity and human life as ends, rather than means. Her violation of the duty through suicide shows a lack of respect for human reason as she is readily able to dispose of her own. Hence, Kant would conclude that the maxim of suicide to relieve suffering is not a valid maxim as it fails to satisfy this formula. Therefore, Kant would argue that suicide to relieve suffering does not satisfy the categorical imperative and is morally wrong.The Rejoinder In this section, Mill’s response to Kant’s objection is prese nted. By recalling the concept of autonomy, Mill refutes Kant’s objection to suicide. In response to Kant’s claims that suicide violates the four formulations, Mill would argue that based on the supreme principle of personal autonomy, Kant’s claims are false. While the maxim of killing one’s self to relieve suffering is not one that can be universally applied, the magnitude of suffering is important in considering Jane’s decision.It is far too broad to say that lack of respect for one individual’s life will lead to the erosion of respect for all human life (Edwards). Situations of suicide must be evaluated on an individual basis, not on the premise of respect for the entire human race. Realistically, it is unlikely that Jane’s suicide will lead to justification of suicide. Occurring every 13. 7 minutes in the US, suicide is a major cause of death but society still functions with relative stability and order (American Foundation for Su icide Prevention). Isolated cases do not determine the general state of the world.By failing to consider the consequences of actions for individuals Kant’s reasoning falls short by only drawing large-scale conclusions of the impact of motivations on humanity as a whole. The claim that Jane is treating her humanity as mere means to her end is false. Jane has lived her life as she has desired, deriving pleasure throughout the journey. As she nears the end, her pleasure begins to diminish and is overcome by the pain of her disease. Wanting to die before experiencing overwhelming pain is not a disregard for her life, instead, it is the preservation of the memory of a good life well lived.By wanting to die before her disease debilitates her, she maximizes the pleasures of life by avoiding pain. Furthermore, suicide does not represent a disregard for human rationality. Jane’s suicide is a triumph of human rationality. Because of reason, she is able to justify her decision to commit suicide by using the observation of her mother’s death as well as the medical facts that allow her to (1) know that she possess the gene that will give her the disease and (2) recognize the symptoms of Parkinson’s while determining how far the disease can progress without compromising her happiness.Analysis This section will offer an analysis of the arguments of both Kant and Mill in their ability to determine the morality of suicide. While it is important to recognize that Kant’s categorical imperative provides good reasoning promoting the preservation of life, the argument falls short in understanding the degree of personal suffering and the toll this suffering takes on an individual. The categorical imperative focuses on motives behind actions, but with an action such as suicide, where the end result is death, motives matter less than consequences.However, if the maxim under which Jane operates was stated as â€Å"Act in a way that promotes happiness and reduces pain†, both Kant and Mill may be satisfied. By this maxim, all the formulas stated above are valid and Mill’s principle of utility is satisfied. Autonomy lies at the heart of this dilemma and Mill’s response to Kant’s objections succeed in demonstrating that. Jane has valid reasons to commit suicide and because she is a rational agent, her reason must be respected.The utility calculation, as well as the concepts of direct and indirect harm, serve as valuable tools in drawing the conclusion that suicide is the morally correct action given Jane’s state of affairs. Works Cited Kant. â€Å"Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals . † (1785). Mill, J. S. â€Å"On Liberty. † (1859). Mill, J. S. â€Å"Utilitarianism. † (1861). Prevention, American Foundation for Suicide. Facts and Figures. 2012. 2012 .

Novel about sin essays

Novel about sin essays The puritans were fascinated with the effect of sin upon the human heart. Nathaniel Hawthorne, who is a puritan writer, considers the effect of sin upon the human heart fascinating as well. The Scarlet Letter is not a novel about adultery but a study of the effects of sin on the hearts and minds of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. Sin is a double-edged sword in the life of Hester Prynne. The effects of sin on her character are not only defining and powerful, but they are also ambivalent. The most obvious effect of son on her is that it isolates her from her community. We see this from the very beginning of the story, when we first encounter her standing alone on the platform. This is not the last time we see her standing alone this situation recurs throughout the story. The fact that she is labeled as an adulteress is a large reason as to why she is separated from society. She reacts to this with a blush of shame and a look of defiance at the same time. Her reaction to the sin and societies opinion of that sin continues throughout the book, as well as her growing feeling of shame and repentance. After the scaffold scene, Hester seemingly conforms to the puritanical code of society. She does works of penance and good will that appear as if she is trying to atone for her sins and faults. This seemi ngly obvious admission of sin is nothing less than hypocritical. She acknowledged any truth in societies accusations of her love as a vile crime. She admits this when she says to Dimmesdale what we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said so to each other! (Hawthorne 186). Hester continues her repentance for her sin, but in her mind still believes that what they did was not wrong. She believes this so fervently that she actually convinces Dimmesdale to leave Boston and goto Europe with her and Pearl. She and Pearl are the only ones who actually make it to Europe. ...

Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery Essays

Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery Essays Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery Essay Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery Essay Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence written by Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley offers the reader an in-depth expression at kid maltreatment and disregard. Karr-Morse and Wiley ( 1997 ) discuss the effects of maltreatment and disregard, looking specifically at force in kids. The book follows a immature adult male, 19 twelvemonth old Jeffery, who is on decease row for perpetrating a slaying when he was 16 old ages old. Jeffery serves as a beautiful instance survey for the writers and readers to analyse and use theories to. By looking at Jeffery and other kids who kill, Karr-Morse and Wiley ( 1997 ) Begin to detect the truths about the delicate and of import old ages of babyhood and early childhood. The writers look at kid development and behavior peculiarly from construct to age two. With development and behaviour in head, they investigate the effects that abuse and neglect have on kids s trust, empathy, scruples, and larning during these polar old ages. Throughout the journey of this book, the reader learns a overplus of interesting facts about human development and how it is influenced by maltreatment and disregard. Throughout the chapters the readers are besides given an chance to see the deductions of such behaviour with existent life instances and surveies. By taking the clip to read Ghosts from the Nursery, one will non merely have a better apprehension of babyhood and early kid development but besides understand why negative experiences affect kids as they do and what it means for society as a whole. Upon the completion of this text the reader will hold an grasp for quality parenting and cognize the annihilating effects maltreatment and disregard have on kids and its inf luence in making violent kids. Review This text offers knowing parts to the reader s apprehension of babyhood and early childhood maltreatment and disregard. Karrs of this interaction are presented in every chapter with different state of affairss and scenarios. The reader will rapidly subtract that this is the most of import connexion to do and that kids reflect what they have absorbed biologically and socially ( Karr-Morse A ; Wiley, 1997, 183 ) . The text does a great occupation measuring a figure of issues related to child maltreatment and neglect including but non limited to early encephalon anatomy and development, exposure to drugs in the uterus, the interaction of parenting and disposition, and the impact of early injury, caput hurts, and emotional want. Each chapter within this text takes a profound expression at these issues and how they relate back to childhood force. Along with supplying new and indispensable cognition, each chapter is opened by reconnecting with the instance survey of Jeffery and supplyin g the reader with a personal history of the deductions of the issues being discussed. By reading each subdivision carefully and intentionally the reader begins to understand all the variables involved in bring forthing a violent kid and the impact these variables have on the manner the kid processes information, or does non treat information as it may be. Along with showing valuable information to the reader and intensifying the readers apprehension of the kid maltreatment and disregard, the text does hold its ruins. While reading, one will detect that thoughts are repeated excessively frequently doing the reader to get down planing the stuff. The writers have a inclination to be repetitive in their authorship to a point that it hurts the overall affect of the book. Karr-Morse and Wiley besides like to supply in deepness accounts which detract from the chief point they are seeking to convey by switching the focal point to a minute fact, therefore losing their reader s attending. Along with in deepness accounts, Karr-Morse and Wiley have a inclination to include excessively many back uping facts. Though interesting, the facts tend to deflect the reader from the chief statements the writers are trying to do. With these three issues in head, the overall book is hard to acquire through and a comparatively slow read. With shorter, more to the point chapters, the writers may hold been able to retain their reader s attending for longer sum of clip. These betterments would besides put more accent on the intent of each chapter and how it influences the devising of a violent kid, instead than stressing the back uping facts. Overall, this text is really educational and a valued part to any mandated newsman s aggregation of cognition. It is suggested nevertheless, that Ghosts from the Nursery be read like a text edition and non like a book one would read before bed. With the cognition of the authorship manner the writers express themselves in, one can successfully voyage their manner through this book and come out the other side with well more cognition in the field of child maltreatment and disregard. Deductions There are legion deductions for anyone, peculiarly a instructor, after reading Ghosts from the Nursery by Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith Wiley. First and first, one must get down to understand the permeant effects of kid maltreatment and disregard and how of import those first two old ages of life are on development. Abuse and neglect have many faces, some of which are good hidden from the populace s oculus. As a instructor, particularly in preschool, it is imperative to be sensitive to these issues and the reverberations if non detected and treated. As an simple or preschool teacher, one will be able to measure a kid s basic physical, societal, emotional and rational development in comparing to the kid s equals and find whether the kid is on path or non. It is during the preschool old ages and prior that developmental holds as a consequence of maltreatment or disregard will get down to demo up in the kid. This information may lend to the instructors inclination that maltreatment is or is non happening. It is indispensable to cognize that maltreatment and/or disregard from the clip the kid is inside the female parent s uterus to present twenty-four hours can expose itself throughout assorted times in the kid s development, and in any one of the developmental spheres. This text specifically assists the reader in their pursuit to better place and understand the less obvious signifiers of maltreatment and disregard and grok what it means peculiarly for a kid s social/emotional development. Looking more closely at the riotous behaviour upsets chapter in the text is besides good to an single come ining the instruction field. Children who have such upsets will go obvious during the early school old ages as they are overpowering our preschools and kid attention centres. With kids who have riotous behaviour upsets their parents frequently feel dog-tired and angry, their feelings of fondness stretched thin or greatly compromised ( Karr-Morse A ; Wiley, 1997, 104 ) , puting the kid at a higher hazard for being abused or neglected and later developing oppositional defiant upset or behavior upset. Some of these kids may be sing maltreatment at place, or come to school out of helter-skelter and inattentive fortunes that leave them physically and emotionally malnourished ( Karr-Morse A ; Wiley, 1997, 105 ) . For a instructor, seeing a kid who has a riotous behaviour upset may be a warning flag to maintain an oculus on the kid and household and offer them extra resources to ease any extra emphasis they may be sing. Consequently, from reading this text, one will hold a thorough apprehension of how child maltreatment and neglect affects a kid s development and what that will look like in the kid s behaviour. For anyone come ining the instruction field whether it be in the public school territory or in a child care centre, those persons will happen themselves compulsory newsmans of kid maltreatment and disregard. By reading this text, and holding a solid foundation of what maltreatment and neglect expression like, one will hold the cognition to better be able to recommend for a kid s demands when necessary.

Can focussing on the individual patients needs and personalising their Essay

Can focussing on the individual patients needs and personalising their care plans improve recovery on acute mental health wards - Essay Example Patient needs are different, and different patient require different needs depending on their condition. Therefore, individualizing patient care helps the patient b taken care of in the right manner while receiving the best health services aiming at making the patient comfortable and recover well from an illness. Even though care in the delivery of nursing services is individualized, challenges still occur in the nursing practices in developing a personalized approach to the development of care plan. Therefore, in the process of improving the nursing services rendered to mental health patients, the nurses are required to assess comprehensively and respond to the users individualized service needs and the risks identified. Through actively engaging, the service users in developing nursing care plan that encompasses social, psychological, spiritual and physical needs reduces the risks from developing (Ervin 2006, pp.126–130). Nursing care plans are central components of nursing services being delivered to the users. In making and planning care of patients, nurses should adopt the provision of individualized care that is personalized. The consumers of the services, who are the patients, need to receive a copy if the care plans after they have participated in its development. The care plan should contain the patients views and what they would wish to receive as part of their care and be encouraged to sign it (Tsirintani et al. 2001, p.10). When service users are encouraged to participate and be at the center of developing nursing care and care through the approaches of care planning promotes patients empowerment and supports them through the recovery process. The centrality of care that is individualized in planning has a vital outcome in the services being received by the personalized care treatment and support. The process involves the assessment of the patients’ needs and the planning and delivery of care

Disagree with China will Become a Democracy within 10-15 Years Speech or Presentation

Disagree with China will Become a Democracy within 10-15 Years - Speech or Presentation Example To have a literal meaning of the phenomenon, we might say that the word democracy entails two connotations. Firstly, it means implementation of a political idea that the government should be by the people and for the people (Mosley, pp.5, 2003). Second definition is rather difficult to implement. It means that despite all the distinctive ideas and interest of the subjects, implementation of things contends all kinds of ‘people’. In reality, this is undoubtedly not possible (Mosley, pp.5-6, 2003) Giving a thorough analysis to the phenomenon of democracy and the theories of democratization, we come to realize that democracy is something when the individual comes to realize his basic rights to think and feel free to express the same (Zhao, pp.9, 1998). Precisely, it means to have an opinion without any form of influence and suppression. Moreover, in a broader perspective, it means to follow an election procedure though which a consensus is created upon the election of a par ticular leader. However, in an otherwise case, the people with feudal mindsets have a selection process and the position and title are shared and passed on to the same family members. Following are some of the major points endorsing the fact that China cannot achieve democracy in the next ten years or so: As it is, democracy starts with speaking about the truth publicly and having your voice heard by others. This job is foremost performed the media practitioners or journalists who act as a watchdog to expose the injustice or wrongdoings of the state and the lawmakers. However, seeing China’s situation we can evidently make a thorough analysis of the fact that Chinese journalism never received freedom to any extent. In the mid-1980s, for the first time Chinese journalists thought to register their collective voice to the government to give them rights to speak the truth so that the countrywide corruption that has taken an official form could be suppressed (Zhao, pp.1-2, 1998). On the contrary, not only was their movement not heard but also they faced violent circumstances and torture and the streets of Beijing that turned into bloodshed in 1989 is a clear-cut example of this. Speaking about the same restrictions over press, it is notable to mention that when America’s Newsweek magazine used to come to China, articles and stories that reported China’s internal situation, either political or social, were torn out so that none of the citizen could have access to what is going on within the bureaucracy (Zhao, pp.2-4, 1998). The major hold of the Communist Party over China, nevertheless, keeps on boosting about their governance and wants to endorse that media is working as their mouthpiece while secretly suppressing them. In short, Chinese media willingly or unwillingly works to cater to the increasing demands of its authoritarian rulers to propagate their ideas and instill the doctrines that they want their subjects to follow. Secondly, the cen tralization of power in China is the result of once decentralized China a few decades ago, that becomes one more reason for the country not able to make itself democratic in the next few years. In 1978, China’s economic reforms began to take place that started from the rural areas and expanded to urban areas. It all started with private trading of farming and agricultural products in the countryside and then taking alongside the urban businesses with more production with the help